Michael S. Kalt
Partner Wilson, Turner & Kosmo LLP
Phone: 619-236-9600
Email: mkalt@wilsonturnerkosmo.com
Lois M. Kosch
Partner Wilson, Turner & Kosmo LLP
550 West C Street Suite 1050
San Diego , CA 92101
Phone: (619) 236-9600
Fax: (619) 236-9669
Email: lkosch@wilsonturnerkosmo.com
Paraphrasing Ben Franklin, there are three certainties in California: death, taxes and numerous new employment laws every year. As the 2023-2024 California legislative session begins, the question is not whether a re-elected Gov. Gavin Newsom and Democrat super-majorities in both legislative chambers will enact new employment laws, but "which ones?" This article will suggest some legislative changes to provide additional workplace flexibility or clarify California employment law, while preserving workplace protections.
Increased Work Week Flexibility
Employees often request the option to work something other than the standard five-day, 40-hour workweek, whether to avoid the daily commute, to reduce childcare costs, or to meet other family responsibilities. A major hurdle to providing non-exempt employees with this flexibility is California's uncommon requirement of daily overtime.
While Labor Code Section 511 authorizes so-called "alternative workweek schedules," it applies "upon the proposal of an employer" and there is no corresponding mechanism currently authorizing similar schedules upon an employee's request. The stringent requirements and the potentially sizable penalties threatened for any mistake in enacting even an employer-proposed alternative workweek schedule provides little incentive for employers to entertain an employee's request. Requiring an employee seeking a flexible work arrangement to obtain two-thirds approval of their co-workers also seems odd.
The Legislature could preserve daily overtime generally while providing scheduling flexibility by allowing individual employees the option to request individualized alternative workweek schedules. Potential concerns about "employer coercion" could be addressed by requiring written requests and that approvals be filed with the Labor Commissioner, and potentially also limiting such schedules only to full-time employees. This daily overtime approach, which Nevada and Alaska already allow, would ensure requests are employee-initiated, include statutory protections and some measure of agency oversight.
Telecommuting Flexibility
Employees also seek flexibility regarding where work is performed, but California currently has few guidelines on telecommuting for private employers. For instance, should telecommuting employees have greater flexibility regarding the otherwise stringent requirements on when state-mandated ten- or thirty-minute breaks must occur? Telecommuting employees often request to schedule their work around familial obligations rather than a timeframe dictated by the state legislature. The stringent start times so salient in a factory setting are arguably less pressing in one's living room. Moreover, from an employer's perspective, ensuring telecommuting employees start breaks at a particular time is particularly challenging. Allowing telecommuting employees greater flexibility regarding when to take their breaks would be helpful and likely welcomed by both employers and employees.
Another challenge involves providing timely so-called "final wages" to a telecommuting employee who may be in a different city, state, or even country. Absent a direct deposit agreement - which employers presently cannot mandate - the employer may have to make the final pay available for quitting employees at the employer's location (which telecommuters may find inconvenient) or at a terminated employee's location concurrently with the termination (which may be administratively challenging). To further encourage telecommuting, perhaps the Legislature may allow employers to require telecommuting employees (who presumably have computer access) to authorize direct deposit for wage payments.
Another telecommuting issue is complying with municipal-level ordinances in effect in the city where the employee resides that differ from the state law or perhaps local laws governing the office where the work would otherwise be performed if not telecommuting. While complying with a municipal law makes sense when the office is located within the same municipality or where there are numerous other similarly situated telecommuting employees, subjecting an employer to an entirely new law to accommodate a single employee dissuades telecommuting. Thus, the Legislature might consider language clarifying that in some circumstances (i.e., where the employee is the one requesting to work remotely or telecommuting is mandated by a government shut-down order), the telecommuting employee will be governed by the municipal law where the work would otherwise be performed if not telecommuting.
Student Loan Repayment Assistance
The President's Executive Order forgiving certain student loans has faced legal challenges, and critics argue the unilateral discharge presents a "moral hazard" and will encourage similar crises and/or increase the federal deficit. An alternative approach - currently recognized by a temporary federal law - enables employers to provide annual tax-free student loan repayment assistance to employees. In 2022, the California legislature briefly considered Assembly Bill 1729, which would have allowed such tax-favored employer student loan repayment assistance. Hopefully the California Legislature will revisit similar legislation in 2023.
Human Resource Consultant Investigators
Human resources professionals increasingly provide consulting services for multiple employers rather than serve as an employee for a single employer. One impediment to such consulting is Business and Professions Code Section 7253, which limits who can perform internal workplace investigations. Enacted without fanfare in the mid-1990s, this section has been interpreted as precluding workplace investigations by external consultants unless they are a state-licensed private investigator or a state-licensed attorney.
There is no evidence the legislature intended to preclude external human resource consultants from conducting workplace investigations, nor is there a compelling public policy reason for doing so. Indeed, consultants may be more knowledgeable about workplace issues than outside licensed private investigators, and considerably less expensive than practicing attorneys.
Additional Employment Reintegration Changes
The so-called "ban the box" movement continues to spread, including with California's 2018 statewide enactment of Assembly Bill 1008 regarding conviction history consideration. While the particulars of each state or city's laws vary, they share the common goals of avoiding the disproportionate impact upon certain groups that may come from relying on conviction data, and reintegrating individuals who have paid their debt to society.
Many employers share these goals but are understandably concerned about potential liability if the person hired commits a crime or injures a co-worker or customer. There is also research suggesting the "ban the box" approach of limiting or delaying potentially relevant information has encouraged employers to simply avoid individuals they assume might have conviction histories.
To incentivize employers to hire individuals with conviction histories, some jurisdictions have utilized state-issued certificates of employability. This provides assurances the employee is reformed and protections if the employer faces a negligent hiring claim. Some states have gone further, providing express protections against negligent hiring claims where certificates are issued, while others have enacted laws precluding plaintiffs from later arguing an employer should have known about an applicant's conviction history the law said they could not obtain.
Preemption Provisions for Municipal Level Developments
Navigating the differences in municipal law between California and federal law is nearly impossible - a problem that's been further complicated by California cities that have collectively enacted two dozen minimum wage statutes, nearly a dozen paid sick leave statutes, and at least four "ban the box" laws.
While this arguably makes sense in the minimum wage context, or if the state has declined to act, these considerations are absent where the state has enacted detailed substantive laws whose core provisions are less tethered to geographic nuances. Notably, other so-called "blue states" have included preemption language within statewide employee protections (e.g., New Jersey and Minnesota for ban the box laws, and Oregon regarding predictive scheduling), but California still has not.
In the paid sick leave context, perhaps the Legislature will consider a compromise - increasing the current statewide requirement to five days/40 hours, while simultaneously preempting city-level ordinances. This would increase the applicable floor for all employees, while materially reducing administrative compliance challenges.
Harmonized Response Deadlines for Records Inspection Requests
California's Labor Code has at least three provisions allowing employees to obtain copies of certain records applicable to them, but with varying response deadlines. Broadly speaking, Labor Code section 226 enables employees to obtain "payroll records" within 21 calendar days of a request, Labor Code section 1198.5 enables employees to inspect or obtain "personnel files" within 30 calendar days after a request is received, and Labor Code section 432 allows employees to obtain documents signed by them, but without any specified response deadline. This varying language creates administrative inefficiencies, particularly when an employee or their representative requests all three concurrently. While perhaps retaining the 21-day payroll records response period for stand-alone requests, the Legislature could consider a uniform deadline of 28 days when payroll and personnel records are requested together. This would avoid the administrative inefficiencies of multiple productions, while compromising between the 21 and 30 days for the separate requests, and the 28-day period (i.e., 4 weeks) would also avoid confusion when the 30th day falls on a weekend.
PAGA Notices to Specify Applicable "Cure" Provisions
The Private Attorneys General Act (Labor Code section 2699 et seq.) (PAGA) presently requires "aggrieved employees" provide advance notice of a potential violation, but it does not require such employees or their legal representatives to identify which provisions may be "cured." As a result, many small businesses receiving such notices are unaware that certain violations may be corrected, and thus cured pre-litigation. The Legislature could foster greater Labor Code compliance - and potentially lower litigation levels - by requiring PAGA notices to specify whether the potential violations are threatened under section 2699.3(a), which has no cure period, or under section 2699.3(c), which has a cure period. Similarly, it could require that these notices specifically advise the employer that a 33-day cure period exists for violations under subsection (c).